Claims for Patent: 9,228,187

Summary for Patent: 9,228,187

Title:	Antisense molecules and methods for treating pathologies
Abstract:	An antisense molecule capable of binding to a selected target site to induce exon skipping in the dystrophin gene, as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 to 59.
Inventor(s):	Wilton; Stephen Donald (Applecross, AU), Fletcher; Sue (Bayswater, AU), Adams; Abbie (Kalamunda, AU), Meloni; Penny (Mount Hawthorne, AU)
Assignee:	The University of Western Australia (Crawley, AU)
Application Number:	14/108,137
Patent Claims:	1. An antisense oligonucleotide selected from the group consisting of: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 34 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-09+25), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; (ii) an antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-03+25), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; (iii) an antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-06+25), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; (iv) an antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-12+19), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; (v) an antisense oligonucleotide of 22 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-03+19), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; (vi) an antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-09+19), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; (vii) an antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-12+16), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; (viii) an antisense oligonucleotide of 32 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-14+25), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; (ix) an antisense oligonucleotide of 27 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-08+19), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; (x) an antisense oligonucleotide of 32 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-07+25), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; (xi) an antisense oligonucleotide of 34 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-12+22), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; (xii) an antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-09+22), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; (xiii) an antisense oligonucleotide of 39 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-09+30), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; (xiv) an antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-06+22), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; (xv) an antisense oligonucleotide of 34 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-06+28), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; (xvi) an antisense oligonucleotide of 25 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-03+22), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; and (xvii) an antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases in length 100% complementary to a target region of exon 45 of the human dystrophin pre-mRNA, wherein the target region is annealing site H45A (-03+28), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to the annealing site inducing exon 45 skipping; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 2. An antisense oligonucleotide selected from the group consisting of: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 34 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA U (SEQ ID NO: 11), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; (ii) an antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU G (SEQ ID NO: 55), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; (iii) an antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA A (SEQ ID NO: 61), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; (iv) an antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases comprising the base sequence CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA UAC C (SEQ ID NO: 62), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, (v) an antisense oligonucleotide of 22 bases comprising the base sequence CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU G (SEQ ID NO: 63), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; (vi) an antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases comprising the base sequence CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA U (SEQ ID NO: 64), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; (vii) an antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases comprising the base sequence UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA UAC C (SEQ ID NO: 66), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; (viii) an antisense oligonucleotide of 32 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AG (SEQ ID NO: 227), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; (ix) an antisense oligonucleotide of 27 bases comprising the base sequence CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA (SEQ ID NO: 230), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; (x) an antisense oligonucleotide of 34 bases comprising the base sequence GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA UAC C (SEQ ID NO: 237), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; (xi) an antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases comprising the base sequence GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA U (SEQ ID NO: 239), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; (xii) an antisense oligonucleotide of 39 bases comprising the base sequence UUG CCG CUG CCC AAU GCC AUC CUG GAG UUC CUG UAA GAU (SEQ ID NO: 240), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; (xiii) an antisense oligonucleotide of 32 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AG (SEQ ID NO: 241), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; (xiv) an antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases comprising the base sequence GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA A (SEQ ID NO: 242), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; (xv) an antisense oligonucleotide of 34 bases comprising the base sequence GCC GCU GCC CAA UGA CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA A (SEQ ID NO: 243), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; (xvi) an antisense oligonucleotide of 25 bases comprising the base sequence GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU G (SEQ ID NO: 244), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; and (xvii) an antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases comprising the base sequence GCC GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU G (SEQ ID NO: 245), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 3. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 2, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 4. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 2, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 5. An antisense oligonucleotide of 34 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA U (SEQ ID NO: 11), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 6. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 5, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 7. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 5, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 8. An antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU G (SEQ ID NO: 55), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 9. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 8, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 10. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 8, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 11. An antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA A (SEQ ID NO: 61), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 12. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 11, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 13. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 11, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 14. An antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases comprising the base sequence CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA UAC C (SEQ ID NO: 62), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 15. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 14, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 16. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 14, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 17. An antisense oligonucleotide of 22 bases comprising the base sequence CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU G (SEQ ID NO: 63), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 18. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 17, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 19. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 17, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 20. An antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases comprising the base sequence CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA U (SEQ ID NO: 64), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 21. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 20, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 22. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 20, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 23. An antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases comprising the base sequence UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA UAC C (SEQ ID NO: 66), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 24. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 23, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 25. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 23, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 26. An antisense oligonucleotide of 32 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AG (SEQ ID NO: 227), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 27. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 26, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 28. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 26, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 29. An antisense oligonucleotide of 27 bases comprising the base sequence CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA (SEQ ID NO: 230), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 30. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 29, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 31. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 29, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 32. An antisense oligonucleotide of 32 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AG (SEQ ID NO: 231), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 33. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 32, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 34. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 32, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 35. An antisense oligonucleotide of 34 bases comprising the base sequence GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA UAC C (SEQ ID NO: 237), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 36. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 35, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 37. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 35, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 38. An antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases comprising the base sequence GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA U (SEQ ID NO: 239), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 39. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 38, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 40. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 38, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 41. An antisense oligonucleotide of 39 bases comprising the base sequence UUG CCG CUG CCC AAU GCC AUC CUG GAG UUC CUG UAA GAU (SEQ ID NO: 240), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 42. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 41, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 43. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 41, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 44. An antisense oligonucleotide of 32 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AG (SEQ ID NO: 241), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 45. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 44, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 46. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 44, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 47. An antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases comprising the base sequence GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA A (SEQ ID NO: 242), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 48. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 47, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 49. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 47, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 50. An antisense oligonucleotide of 34 bases comprising the base sequence GCC GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA A (SEQ ID NO: 243), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 51. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 50, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 52. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 50, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 53. An antisense oligonucleotide of 25 bases comprising the base sequence GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU G (SEQ ID NO: 244), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 54. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 53, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 55. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 53, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 56. An antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases comprising the base sequence GCC GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU G (SEQ ID NO: 245), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide and is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 57. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 56, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 58. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 56, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain. 59. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 34 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA U (SEQ ID NO: 11), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 60. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU G (SEQ ID NO: 55), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 61. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA A (SEQ ID NO: 61), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 62. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases comprising the base sequence CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA UAC C (SEQ ID NO: 62), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 63. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 22 bases comprising the base sequence CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU G (SEQ ID NO: 63), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 64. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases comprising the base sequence CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA U (SEQ ID NO: 64), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 65. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases comprising the base sequence UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA UAC C (SEQ ID NO: 66), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 66. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 32 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AG (SEQ ID NO: 227), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 67. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 27 bases comprising the base sequence CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA (SEQ ID NO: 230), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 68. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 32 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AG (SEQ ID NO: 231), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 69. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 34 bases comprising the base sequence GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA UAC C (SEQ ID NO: 237), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 70. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases comprising the base sequence GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AGA U (SEQ ID NO: 239), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 71. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 39 bases comprising the base sequence UUG CCG CUG CCC AAU GCC AUC CUG GAG UUC CUG UAA GAU (SEQ ID NO: 240), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 72. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 32 bases comprising the base sequence GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA AG (SEQ ID NO: 241), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 73. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 28 bases comprising the base sequence GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA A (SEQ ID NO: 242), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 74. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 34 bases comprising the base sequence GCC GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU GUA A (SEQ ID NO: 243), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 75. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 25 bases comprising the base sequence GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU G (SEQ ID NO: 244), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 76. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an antisense oligonucleotide of 31 bases comprising the base sequence GCC GCU GCC CAA UGC CAU CCU GGA GUU CCU G (SEQ ID NO: 245), wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is uniformly modified to comprise a 5-substituted pyrimidine base, and wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 77. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide. 78. The antisense oligonucleotide of claim 1, wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is chemically linked to a polyethylene glycol chain.