Details for Patent: 4,072,746

Summary for Patent: 4,072,746

Title:	3-Amino-5-(pyridinyl)-2(1H)-pyridinones
Abstract:	Compounds useful as cardiotonic agents are 1-R-3-Q-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinones (I) where R is hydrogen, lower-alkyl or lower-hydroxyalkyl, Q is amino (preferred), lower-alkylamino, di-(lower-alkyl)amino or NHAc, Ac is lower-alkanoyl or lower-carbalkoxy, and PY is 4- or 3- or 2-pyridinyl or 4- or 3- or 2-pyridinyl having one or two lower-alkyl substituents. The corresponding compounds where Q is nitro, carbamyl, cyano, halo or hydrogen are useful as intermediates and those where Q is hydrogen or cyano also are useful as cardiotonic agents. Said compounds are prepared: by reacting .alpha.-PY-.beta.-(R.sub.1 R.sub.2 N)acrolein (II) with malonamide to produce 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinamide (Ia) and reacting Ia with a reagent capable of converting carbamyl to amino to produce 3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ib); by reacting II or .alpha.-PY-malonaldehyde (II') with .alpha.-cyanoacetamide to produce 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinonitrile (III) and partially hydrolyzing III to produce Ia; and, by heating 1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-5-PY-nicotinic acid (IV) with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid to produce 3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ic) and then either reducing Ic to produce Ib or first reacting Ic with an alkylating agent to produce 1-R'-3-nitro-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Id) and reducing Id to produce 1-R'-3-amino-5-PY-2(1H)-pyridinone (Ib) where R' is lower-alkyl or lower-hydroxyalkyl. Other derivatives of I where Q is amino are shown.
Inventor(s):	Lesher; George Y. (East Greenbush, NY), Opalka, Jr.; Chester J. (Schodack, NY)
Assignee:	Sterling Drug Inc. (New York, NY)
Application Number:	05/707,235
Patent Claim Types: see list of patent claims	Compound; Composition; Use; Dosage form;

Analyzing the Scope and Claims of United States Patent 4,072,746

Introduction

When analyzing a patent, understanding its scope and claims is crucial for determining its validity, enforceability, and potential impact on the market. This article will delve into the details of United States Patent 4,072,746, exploring its background, claims, and the broader patent landscape.

Background of the Patent

United States Patent 4,072,746, though not specifically detailed in the provided sources, can be analyzed using general principles of patent analysis. Here’s how you would typically approach it:

Patent Number and Title

• The patent number is 4,072,746. To find the title and a detailed description, you would need to search the USPTO database or other patent search platforms like Google Patents or the Patent Public Search tool provided by the USPTO[1].

Inventors and Assignees

• Identifying the inventors and assignees is crucial. This information can be found in the patent document and helps in understanding the ownership and potential licensing or litigation history.

Filing and Issue Dates

• Knowing the filing and issue dates is essential for determining the patent's term and any potential maintenance fees that have been paid.

Understanding Patent Claims

Types of Claims

• Patents typically include various types of claims: independent claims, dependent claims, and sometimes method claims or composition claims. Independent claims stand alone and define the invention, while dependent claims refer back to and further limit the independent claims[3].

Claim Language and Scope

• The scope of a patent is often measured by the language used in its claims. Metrics such as independent claim length and independent claim count can provide insights into the patent's breadth and clarity. Narrower claims are often associated with a higher probability of grant and a shorter examination process[3].

Detailed Analysis of Claims

To analyze the claims of U.S. Patent 4,072,746, you would follow these steps:

Read the Claims Carefully

• Each claim should be read carefully to understand what is being claimed. Pay attention to the language used, as it defines the scope of the invention.

Identify Independent and Dependent Claims

• Distinguish between independent and dependent claims. Independent claims are the broadest and most critical, while dependent claims add additional limitations.

Analyze Claim Elements

• Break down each claim into its elements and determine how they relate to the overall invention. This helps in understanding the patent's scope and potential infringement issues.

Patent Landscape and Prior Art

Searching Prior Art

• To understand the patent landscape, it is essential to conduct a thorough prior art search. Tools like the USPTO's Patent Public Search, Global Dossier, and Common Citation Document (CCD) can be used to find related patents and applications[1].

International Patent Offices

• If the invention has global implications, searching international patent offices such as the European Patent Office (EPO), Japan Patent Office (JPO), and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is necessary to ensure the invention is novel and non-obvious worldwide[1].

Legal and Practical Considerations

Patent Validity and Enforceability

• The validity and enforceability of a patent depend on its claims and the prior art. A patent with broad, unclear claims may face challenges in litigation and could be deemed invalid if prior art is found that anticipates the invention[3].

Licensing and Litigation

• The scope and clarity of claims also impact licensing and litigation costs. Patents with narrower, clearer claims are generally easier to license and defend in court[3].

Case Studies and Expert Insights

Academic and Legal Perspectives

• Studies and expert opinions, such as those from the Administrative Conference of the United States (ACUS) on small claims patent courts, highlight the importance of clear and narrow claims in reducing litigation costs and promoting innovation[5].

Tools and Resources for Patent Analysis

USPTO Resources

• The USPTO provides several tools, including the Patent Public Search, Global Dossier, and Patent and Trademark Resource Centers (PTRCs), which are invaluable for conducting thorough patent searches and analyses[1].

International Databases

• Access to international patent databases through organizations like the EPO, JPO, and WIPO is crucial for a comprehensive analysis of the global patent landscape[1].

Key Takeaways

• Clear Claims: Narrow and clear claims are essential for the validity and enforceability of a patent.
• Prior Art Search: Conducting a thorough prior art search is critical to ensure the novelty and non-obviousness of the invention.
• Global Considerations: Searching international patent offices is necessary for understanding the global patent landscape.
• Legal and Practical Implications: The scope and clarity of claims impact licensing and litigation costs.

FAQs

Q: How do I find the details of a specific U.S. patent? A: You can find the details of a specific U.S. patent by searching the USPTO database or using other patent search platforms like Google Patents.

Q: What is the difference between independent and dependent claims? A: Independent claims stand alone and define the invention, while dependent claims refer back to and further limit the independent claims.

Q: Why is it important to conduct a prior art search? A: Conducting a prior art search is crucial to ensure the novelty and non-obviousness of the invention and to avoid potential infringement issues.

Q: How do international patent offices impact patent analysis? A: International patent offices provide access to global patent databases, which are essential for understanding the global patent landscape and ensuring the invention is novel and non-obvious worldwide.

Q: What are the implications of broad and unclear claims on a patent? A: Broad and unclear claims can lead to challenges in litigation, increased licensing and litigation costs, and potentially render the patent invalid if prior art is found that anticipates the invention.

Sources

1. USPTO - Search for patents: https://www.uspto.gov/patents/search
2. USA.gov - U.S. Patent and Trademark Office: https://www.usa.gov/agencies/u-s-patent-and-trademark-office
3. SSRN - Patent Claims and Patent Scope: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2844964
4. Google Patents - CA1155852A: https://patents.google.com/patent/CA1155852A/en
5. ACUS - U.S. Patent Small Claims Court: https://www.acus.gov/research-projects/us-patent-small-claims-court

Drugs Protected by US Patent 4,072,746

Applicant	Tradename	Generic Name	Dosage	NDA	Approval Date	TE	Type	RLD	RS	Patent No.	Patent Expiration	Product	Substance	Delist Req.	Patented / Exclusive Use	Submissiondate

International Family Members for US Patent 4,072,746

Country	Patent Number	Estimated Expiration	Supplementary Protection Certificate	SPC Country	SPC Expiration
Argentina	220512
Argentina	223137
Argentina	231541
Austria	357534
Austria	359494